Printing houses

Emergency bills were mainly produced by regional or local printers. Some printing houses also took on national orders, among them J. P. Himmer in Augsburg, the Carl Gerber Verlag in Munich and the Gebrüder Parcus in Munich.

The family business J. P. Himmer in Augsburg has a long tradition. In 1828, Johann Peter Himmer (1801-1867) and Karl Kollmann acquired the bookshop Wolff. The year of 1831 saw the separation from Kollmann and the purchase of the Matthäus Riegersche Buchhandlung. Further acquisitions of local bookstores and publishing houses followed. Between 1916 and 1921, the company produced emergency money for numerous Bavarian cities; the notes of small change have a similar design and differ only in their issuer. The family business still exists today.

Founded in 1877, the Carl Gerber Verlag printed several series of emergency money, including those for the cities of Eggenfelden, Freyung and Fürth as well as for the Imperial Ministry of Transport, Bavarian branch. Bills of the same design show personifications of agriculture and industrialisation, in the centre notes in a winged bowl are depicted as an allegory of trade and finance, while a railway serves as sign of progress and mobility.

The Parcus brothers in Munich printed emergency money for the General Management of Bayerische Berg-, Hütten- und Salzwerke, München (Bavarian Mining, Smelting and Salt Works, Munich) and the Bayerische Staatsbank Nürnberg (Bavarian State Bank, Nuremberg) in 1918 and 1922. For some municipalities, such as Bayreuth or Creussen, the company produced notes of small change in 1916 and 1918. In contrast to the editions of J. P. Himmer and of the Carl Gerber publishing houses, these were designed differently.